CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0                                     PROJECT OVERVIEW
An energy  saver LED bulb is a light-emitting diode (LED) product that is assembled into a lamp (or light bulb) for use in lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan and electrical efficiency which are several times greater than incandescent lamps, and are significantly more efficient than most fluorescent lamps,[1][2][3] with some chips able to emit more than 300 lumens per watt.
Like incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps come to full brightness without need for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting is also reduced by frequent switching on and off.[7] The initial cost of LED is usually higher. Degradation of LED dye and packaging materials reduces light output to some extent over time.
Some LED lamps are made to be a directly compatible drop-in replacement for incandescent or fluorescent lamps. An LED lamp packaging may show the lumen output, power consumption in watts, color temperature in kelvins or description (e.g. "warm white"), operating temperature range, and sometimes the equivalent wattage of an incandescent lamp of similar luminous output.
Most LEDs do not emit light in all directions, and their directional characteristics affect the design of lamps, although omnidirectional lamps which radiate light over a 360° angle are becoming more common. The light output of single LED is less than that of incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps; in most applications multiple LEDs are used to form a lamp.
Energy saver LED lamp requires controlled direct current (DC) electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an LED driver is required to convert the alternating current from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs. LEDs are adversely affected by high temperature, so LED lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as heat sinks and cooling fins.
LED drivers are the essential components of LED lamps or luminaries. A good LED driver can guarantee a long life for an LED system and provide additional features such as dimming and control. The LED drivers can be put inside lamp or luminaire, which is called a built-in type, or be put outside, which is called an independent type. According to different applications, different types of LED drivers need to be applied, for example an outdoor driver for street light, an indoor point driver for a down light, and an indoor linear driver for a panel light.

1.2                       BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION
The light-emitting diode (LED) is one of today's most energy-efficient and rapidly-developing lighting technologies. Quality LED light bulbs last longer, are more durable, and offer comparable or better light quality than other types of lighting[3].
LED is a highly energy efficient lighting technology, and has the potential to fundamentally change the future of lighting in Nigeria.
Widespread use of LED lighting has the greatest potential impact on energy savings in Nigeria . By 2027, widespread use of LEDs could save about 348 TWh of electricity: This is the equivalent annual electrical output of 44 large electric power plants (1000 megawatts each), and a total savings of more of our resources than at today's electricity prices.
LED lighting is very different from other lighting sources such as incandescent bulbs and CFLs. Key differences include the following:

• Light Source: LEDs are the size of a fleck of pepper, and a mix of red, green, and blue LEDs is typically used to make white light.
• Direction: LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light. This feature makes LEDs more efficient for many uses such as recessed downlights and task lighting. With other types of lighting, the light must be reflected to the desired direction and more than half of the light may never leave the fixture.
• Heat: LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs release 90% of their energy as heat and CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat[4].

1.2                    AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

1.2.1                                                                AIM
This work focuses on the design of a 100w energy save light emitting diode bulb can be useful both home and industries. The main object of this project was to create a low cost energy saving LED bulb.

1.2.2                                                          OBJECTIVE
The objective of this work is to:

•  Provide energy efficient lighting solutions to business, corporate and government institutes, with honesty and integrity to sustain our futures.
• Enhance conservation of energy and positively help reduce CO2 emissions.
• Save above 50% of the national electricity used for lighting compared to traditional lamps.
• Produce unique, innovative luminaries/down-lighters fit for 21st Century and Led light sources.
• Help to create new industries, employment and economic vitality.

1.3                                  PPROJECT MOTIVATION
The uses and advantages or application of energy bulb presently was what motivated us in handling this project. Such advantages includes: A significant difference from other light sources is that the light is more directional, i.e., emitted as a narrower beam. LED lamps are used for both general and special-purpose lighting. Where colored light is needed, LEDs that inherently emit light of a single color require no energy-absorbing filters.
Energy saver LED lamps have longer life expectancy and higher efficiency than most other lighting when used at the proper temperature. LED sources are compact, which gives flexibility in designing lighting fixtures and good control over the distribution of light with small reflectors or lenses. [6]Because of the small size of LEDs, control of the spatial distribution of illumination is extremely flexible and the light output and spatial distribution of an LED array can be controlled with no efficiency loss.

1.4                                  LEARNING OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT
At the end of this work, students involved will be able to:

• Understand to how to connect LED
• The working principle of LED bulb
• How LED can be used to save energy
• To understand the difference between LED and other sources of light

1.5                                    SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF PROJECT
One LED would normally run off something like a 1.5-volt DC (direct current) battery: a lot of modern flashlights work exactly this way, with a handful of LEDs powered by a couple of small batteries. A household lamp has some extra complications: the voltage is much higher (220 volts) and it's AC (alternating current) instead of DC. just as in a CFL, we need some circuitry to make our LEDs work properly.
The circuit used is a high voltage and high frequency generating circuit. There is a high voltage input capacitor (from 2.2uf to 10uf 400 volts). The idea is to put a bridge rectifier on the output on this circuit and use for LEDs. A 50 to 100 watt energy saver’s output can produce 165 mA current (it is written on it) for the energy saver light bulb. We need to use this constant current output for our LED lights. By using bridge rectifier (ultra fast)  you can get 100 volts of DC. A high frequency switching output cannot be rectified properly by using normal bridge rectifier like 1N4007. The main problem of this work is that the designer must be careful because there is high voltage present if you connect it to AC line.

1.6                                             STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, aim, objective, project outcome, limitation and project motivation of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

REFERENCES

• "The life and times of the LED — a 100-year history". The Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton. April 2007. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
• "The first LEDs were infrared (invisible)". Smithsonian National Museum of American History. October 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
• "Inventor of Long-Lasting, Low-Heat Light Source Awarded $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize for Invention". Washington, D.C. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. April 21, 2004. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
• Schubert, E. Fred (2003). "1". Light-Emitting Diodes. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-8194-3956-8.
• "LED". The American heritage science dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2005. led and LED.
• Moreno, I.; Sun, C. C. (2008). "Modeling the radiation pattern of LEDs". Optics express 16 (3): 1808–1819.
• "Nick Holonyak, Jr. 2004 Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner". Lemenson-MIT Program. Retrieved August 13, 2007.

 

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